All the turkeys I have killed(except 1) have been with a Rem 1100 trap gun in 2 3/4 in with Number 5 turkey loads. But can tell you tha the darn birds are big and tough. I do have a 3 1/2 in shotgun and do use the big shells on geese. Most of my shots on geese are 20 yds or so but there are ocassional shots that are quite a bit farther. You don't predicate what shell you shoot on the average or normal short range shot but on the unusual or abnormal shots...so the 3 1/2 inch shell is used by some for an insurance type of ammo on the unexpected longer range ..or cripple follow up shots. Better safe than sorry. Heck I used the big 10 for a lot of goose hunting. Did I need it for all the shots?? Heck no but I really felt comfortable when I had that big ol gun in my hands. To be really honest with y'all..It was a LOT better shooter than the 3 1/2 inch 12...by far. And I think I have had enough experience with waterfowl to know the difference. BTW the exception on the turkey..I shot it with a 10 ga SP 10 at just over 45 yds...DRT. Sucker wouldn't come one step closer!!